Third Conjugation -isc Suffix Type Italian Verbs

Third Conjugation - isc Suffix Type Italian Verbs Most Italian action words are standard action words, which means they are conjugated after a customary example. However, there is an uncommon gathering of third conjugation Italian action words (action words finishing off with â€ire) that requires the addition - isc-to be added to the stem of every one of the three particular (io, tu, lei) and the third-individual plural (loro) structures in the current characteristic and present subjunctive tenses, just as the second and third individual solitary and the third-individual plural types of the current basic tense. One genuine case of such action words is finire (to wrap up). Present Indicative io finiscotu finisciegli finisceessi finiscono Present Subjunctive che io finiscache tu finiscache egli finiscache essi finiscano Present Imperative finiscifiniscafiniscono Different action words that need the - isc-addition and are conjugated like finire incorporate capire, preferire, pulire, suggerire, and tradire. Lamentably, it is highly unlikely to know which third conjugation action words are isc action words. Your solitary alternative is to submit these action words to memory. Strangely enough, in some great linguistic frameworks, - isc type action words were viewed as a fourth conjugation. Discretionary - isc-Verbs For certain - fury action words there is a decision with respect to whether - isc-is embedded or not while conjugating. The most well-known include: aborrire (to detest, to severely dislike)- io aborro/aborriscoapplaudire (to applaud, to praise)- io applaudo/applaudiscoassorbire (to assimilate)- io assorbo/assorbiscoeseguire (to do)- io eseguo/eseguisco(to swallow (up), swallow (down); inundate)- io inghiotto/inghiottiscolanguire (to grieve)- io languo/languisco(to lie)- io mento/mentisco(to feed, to take care of)- io nutro/nutrisco Various Forms, Different Meanings A few - anger action words not just have the two structures (that is, they are conjugated both with and without the addition - isc) yet take on assorted criticalness. For instance, the action word ripartire: io riparto (to leave again)io ripartisco (to partition)

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Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology Essay Example

Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology Essay Research work includes roll uping and examining data and this sort of work includes the work of grouped procedures to help through and make a decent paper or concocting the proper research results ( Black, 1999 ) . Research causes individuals as a rule to do illuminating conclusions in their different limits or gauge in the general public. In doing legitimate judgments in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life we do this through securing data from wirelesss, understanding magazines and papers, watching broadcasts and different beginnings of data that might be profited to us. Research other than encourages individuals to comprehend what is go oning in the general public or what is go oning to an organization and whether it influences the people or non ( Heppner et al, 1999 ) . Further when getting some information about something, for case a school or a specific college, these exercises require an examination in some way. Some exploration laborers contend that, by just watchi ng or recognizing what is going on in the general public is in itself inquire about work-a methodology where we gather data or informations in order to proceed onward the equivalent. Research is a signifier of inquisitive requests in a specific nation so as to collect the required data and data which is in this manner dissected and in the long run one gets outcomes which are utilized to do proper choices and suggestions. This paper will focus on inquire about methodological analysiss and measurements and the way the two are utile in look into work. Since inquire about includes arranged techniques and assaults it is of import for an exploration laborer to take the most proper research strategies and factual preliminaries that will help him/her in convey throughing what they need. Subsequently, this paper will talk the varying techniques utilized in informations collection and inspecting of a similar data. In the treatment detriments and focal points of these examination strategies will be talked about. At long last, the paper will break down two case surveies that have been put frontward. For one to concoct precise outcomes and do reasonable choices and proposals it is of import for the examination laborer to use the most fitting exploration methodological investigation for the examination. For a decent research to be practiced the undermentioned research assaults are utilized: Connection review is utilized to investigate the connection of two unique factors and to mensurate their relationship between one another. When making this overview the person who is convey oning the review inspects the previously bing factors and checks how they are identified with each other. Connection is done so as to discover and do expectations about specific factors which depend on what is known on different factors ( Creswell, 1998 ) . It is of import to see that in a correlativity overview the examination specialist steps previously bing conditions which are known. For case, on the off chance that we take the correlativity between the informed individuals and their pay we can reason that individuals who are most taught win better and higher wages. Research laborers can prognosticate on factors if there is a correlativity between two factors. This is so in such a case that one can cognize the figure of twelvemonth one has been in guidance the exploration laborer can prognosti cate the compensation or salary. There are two distinct sorts of correlativity in the examination review and they are negative and positive correlativities. The ulterior sort of correlativity includes increment of the two factors, similar to shrewd if the factors are decreasing them two must make the equivalent ( LaFountain A ; Bartos, 2002 ) . For case the representation which was utilized before is a positive sort of correlativity in light of the fact that for the salary to build the figure of mature ages hotel guidance must be expanded. In negative correlativity, when the estimations of one point or variable lessenings the other variable augmentations. An outline of negative correlativity is the place an understudy spends more clasp watching broadcasting the classs go down. We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer To add to that, in correlativity overview various kinds of estimating are utilized for outline ordinal graduated table, ostensible graduated table and proportion estimating. For case while making an ostensible estimating people use names. Ostensible graduated table offer marks and names for explicit highlights. Preferred position Research laborers can do expectations on things if their correlativities are known not at all like in insouciant similar review ( LaFountain A ; Bartos, 2002 ) . Hindrance Connection is difficult to recover since cause is non estimated. Research laborers are non ready to cognize what made the other thing go on despite the fact that they are connected ( LaFountain A ; Bartos, 2002 ) . Causal-near overview This kind of research includes the portrayal of previously bing situations and conditions. In this study the exploration laborer attempts to discover the ground or the reason the distinctions that are in being between at least two unique people or gatherings ( Rosenthal A ; Rosnow, 199 ) . Such a study is known as an elucidating overview since the occasions which are included have just happened and the study must be led all things considered. The assault of this overview includes dissecting the result of the activity thus finding the reason for the activity or of that outcome. Along these lines, the assault of insouciant near study starts with the reason for the outcome thus explores the impacts of that cause on certain factors that are associated with the study. This kind of overview is typically utilized in investigate foundations for instructive goals ( Gay et al, 2008 ) . This kind of overview includes contrasting of factors rather than indentifying the connection between the fac tors as is in the occasion of correlativity review along these lines doing it progressively alluring for explore. Regularly in this sort of study people are non engaged with the assignment of mediations, this is on the grounds that they are simply included as a gathering however non as people. In this review simply bunches are included which might be at least one gatherings yet allocated to one free factor that can non be controlled however can be improved ( Brown, 1998 ) . The study guarantees that the pick of gatherings is not quite the same as the autonomous variable which is alloted to the gatherings accordingly doing it non to be controlled. For case one can non make things happen sexual orientation or age of the members. Points of interest The factors in that are engaged with the review can non be controlled ; consequently doing it alluring, this is not the same as different kinds of surveies for delineation the shading overview. The review attempts to forefront the reason for the outcome consequently doing it simpler for the execution crew to work out it all the more simple ( Rosenthal A ; Rosnow, 199 ) . Weakness Contrasted with different kinds of surveies for example semi exploratory review, it does non flexibly an existent or exact informations to the examination laborer ( Rosenthal A ; Rosnow, 199 ) . Semi test overview Semi test configuration includes a few trials or surveies which are done, where the exploration specialist has no or little power over the circulation or designation of the mediations and different variables which are being examined. As such of overview there are no arbitrary assignments being picked ( Lachin, 1988 ) . This kind of overview has its alone attributes since it utilizes the investigation of clasp arrangement: there is interfered with cut arrangement and the continuous clasp arrangement. At the point when one is convey oning this kind of review one has indentified or featured the factors that are to be utilized ( Creswell, 2008 ) . In the pick of the factors the semi variable must be controlled so s to hold a result on the dependant variable which is generally a gathering variable with degrees that are extraordinary. Gathering of factors implies that there are at least two such gatherings as intercession and fake treatment bunch which is other than known as the benchmark groups ( Harrison, 2004 ) . The ulterior gathering is mainly utilized in clinical condition of affairss or mental analyses and surveies. When these condition of affairss have been recognized so the anticipated outcome or result turns into the needy variable. On the off chance that the examination specialist is using the clasp investigation so the outcome which is the needy variable is seen over a specific period so as to investigate whether there might be any changes that may come up. Focal points This kind of configuration is simpler and easy to set up. This trademark makes the semi trial review to be utilized where randomisation is unrealistic contrasted with different kinds of overview strategies which are convoluted ( Creswell, 2008 ) . While using this kind of study, dangers are limited which may happen to outer cogency. This is on the grounds that the examinations are regular and common conditions do non hold same emergency of simulation. Burdens Since the analyses can be controlled, these utilizations can take to genuine fortunes ; this is diverse in insouciant relative study where factors are non controlled ( Creswell, 2008 ) . Semi tests have a need randomisation which is not the same as the rest of the surveies, along these lines makes it difficult to carry off befuddling factors subsequently passing on up new openings, for example, inner cogency. Exploratory study This is a sort of review where inquire about specialists are engaged with a theory and viing strategies. A

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

An unnatural weather change - Essay Example The earth’s air contains follow gases whose intention is to forestall a portion of the warmth of the sun to escape into the environment when it is reflected by the Earth. This aides keeping up a specific level of adequate temperature on the Earth. At the point when these gases ascend in fixation, they begin engrossing sun’s heat which brings about ascent in temperature to an unsuitable degree. Because of the ascent in temperature, a great part of the living beings are influenced a large portion of which bite the dust. The grouping of gases happens, for instance, by the arrival of gases like CO2 in the environment through common procedures and furthermore by businesses and manufacturing plants that consume petroleum products. â€Å"Around the world, the Earths normal temperature has risen more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) in the course of the only remaining century, and about twice that in parts of the Arctic† (National Geographic Society, para.2 ). People are the most significant partners of a worldwide temperature alteration. They should comprehend that their networks are in question because of sudden ascent in ocean level, huge tempests and storms, and warmth and cold waves. For instance, the year 2007 got most noticeably terrible floods the historical backdrop of numerous nations like Malaysia, UK, North Korea, and other African nations. Pakistan saw the most noticeably terrible flood in 2010 that took a great many lives and took the haven of thousands of individuals. After individuals, the following significant partners are the creatures and plants. Subsequently, an Earth-wide temperature boost is turning into a significant issue, as per 3,146 atmosphere specialists (CNN World). Organizations are the main partners that won't make developments against the worldwide equipping issue to such an extent that they will even attempt to stop the abatement in an unnatural weather change. This is on the grounds that organizations will in general run such plants and enterprises that produce CO2 into the environment and no business would need to end his business. In any case, not all organizations work as such. For instance, FedEx is such

Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis Assignment

Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis - Assignment Example All the more explicitly, the trustees need to know the accompanying: (1) The effects of having few stocks in the portfolio and moving the interest in enormous stocks. (2) The advantages of moving a portion of the speculation to worldwide protections. (3) How subsidiaries might be utilized to upgrade returns and oversee chance. The response to the primary concern relies upon the response to the accompanying essential inquiry in the brains of the foundation's trustees: what is the most noteworthy conceivable and most sensible yearly return that the venture portfolio could acquire It isn't anything but difficult to anticipate the arrival of a portfolio in light of the fact that numerous things could happen to reserves once these are contributed. To discover the practical recorded returns for different speculations, financial specialists counsel the Equity and Gilt Study of Barclays (2006), which has read this for over 50 years. Figures 1 (68) and 2 (69) show how values performed better contrasted with gilts and T-charges in the course of the only remaining century since a 100 interest in values at end-1899 was worth 1,340,324 by end-2005. A similar interest in gilts was worth 20,159 and in T-bills 17,021. At the point when balanced for expansion, the interest in values would be worth 22,426; gilts 337; and T-bills 284 (Barclays, 2006, p. 62-63). This demonstrates the procedure of putting resources into values would give the most noteworthy and most practical return. In the year 2005, for instance, values returned 18.8% for the year, a lot higher than gilts (6%) and T-bills (2.7%), the sum total of what figures having been balanced for expansion. The Barclays Equity Income Index is gotten from the yield of the FTSE All-Share Index in light of the fact that in their view, this is the most agent technique for assessing value execution over the period (Barclays, 2006, p. 59). Given these snippets of data, what might be the best return that the UK noble cause could anticipate from its ventures The engaging quality of any venture, regardless of whether bonds, protections, land, or a corner road business, relies upon two factors: (1) Expected return: how much the speculation would acquire over some stretch of time; and, (2) Risk: the vulnerability that the speculation would gain the normal return. One money model used to evaluate a venture's allure dependent on these two elements is the Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM,1 which compares expected come back with the market return, the hazard free rate, and the relative conduct - characterized as beta () - of the cost of a security comparative with the conduct of the market. The essential measure of CAPM is direct: a venture is alluring if its hazard premium (the extra return over the hazard free rate) is equivalent to or higher than the danger of the market. Given the foundation's venture portfolio = 1.03, the speculation gave an arrival that was 3% higher than the All-Share Index return. On the off chance that the All-Share Index had a 18.8% return, which means a 1 million speculation was worth 1,018,800 by year-end, the foundation's venture would win an extra 3% and would be worth 1,019,364. The , be that as it may, has a drawback: if the All-Share Index dropped, the estimation of the foundation's speculations would drop by an extra 3%. Why this happens is clarified by chance, which influences the arrival of any venture. Each venture is presented to two sorts of hazard: the hazard influenced by the variables to which the business is

Essay Topics For Medical Field Schools

Essay Topics For Medical Field SchoolsThe medical field is in constant evolution, and these evolving fields demand their writers to be on top of the latest in the field. Medical field essay topics are some of the best essay topics in the medical world today. This is the reason why you need to do your homework before you submit your topic ideas to schools.When it comes to essay topics, one must be aware of the current trend that is related to the topic. It would be very helpful if you do research in the medical profession. It is important that you know the major changes that the medical field has gone through in recent years. Make sure that you understand what the latest trends are in the field.Medical field essay topics will always continue to be researched and analyzed in schools across the country. Keep in mind that these trends are constantly changing and this is the reason why you must be aware of the latest trends in the medical world. Being updated with the latest changes is th e only way to be on top of the ever-changing medical industry. You have to be able to change with the times, and this is a great way to be on top of the game.It is also very important to be aware of the current trend in the area of medicine. The fields of anatomy and physiology have been evolving for many years, and this is why you need to be informed about these topics. Being on top of the changes is crucial for doing your research. The best part about knowing the current trends in the field is that you will be able to write an essay that will stand out from the rest. And of course, the best part about being able to write well on medical field essay topics is that you will have the opportunity to expand your knowledge base in the medical field.One of the best ways to come up with medical field essay topics is to get your hands on a notebook and a pen. Get to work and take notes on things that you learned in school. Remember that no matter how good you may think you are at writing, the fact is that the amount of research that you have done is just as important as the quality of the writing itself.Another way to come up with the best medical field essay topics is to turn to your current field. You will find that this will be an easy way to come up with topics that will be easy to write on. Turn to your colleagues and friends that are working in the medical field and ask them what their current topics are. This will not only allow you to be able to read up on the latest in the medical field, but you will also get the chance to talk to people who are on top of the latest trends in the medical world.Also, you need to make sure that you write about things that interest you. You do not want to turn in an essay topic that is something that you have never written about. Remember that this is an essay, and your writing should relate to the subject matter that you have chosen. Make sure that you write about things that you feel passionate about, and that is something th at you can enjoy.These are just a few tips that you can use to come up with the best medical field essay topics. You do not have to worry about coming up with a topic that is going to be too dry or too dull. As long as you use these tips and get yourself educated on the latest trends in the medical field, you will be able to come up with the perfect topic for your essay.

Low Back Pain Coursework - 550 Words

Low Back Pain (Coursework Sample) Content: Low Back PainNameInstitution3 differential diagnosesDiagnoses include: lumbar spinal stenosis, herniated disc and lumbar facet joint syndrome.Specific exam techniques that should be used when examining this patient and the rationale behind some of these assessment technique and information suppliedOne exam technique is palpation. The rationale for palpation on the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s lower back is to check for warmth, paraspinal muscle spasm and bone pain that is localized. The second exam technique is inspection of the lower back. The rationale for this inspection is to detect deformities, scoliosis, decrease or increase in lumbar lordosis or atrophy of the muscles and paraspinal muscle spasm. The last exam technique is moving the lumbar spine. This is done to identify if the lumbar spineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s motion lies within normal ranges.Ordering of x-ray films or other imaging examsX-ray films should be ordered so as to get a good view of the anatomy of the lower ba ck."Red flags" of low back painSome of the "red flags" include: history of malignancy, age, unexplained weight loss, recent infection that is significant, recent illness that is serious and history of prolonged steroid use (Kahan, Miller Smith, 2009).Managing the patient with low back painOne way would be to limit the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s bed rest. 2 to 3 days of limited bed rest may be beneficial for relieving the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s symptoms. However, encourage the patient to remain active by engaging in less stressful exercises such as walking and jogging. Such exercises aim at retraining the back muscle and the deep abdominal muscle. Another way would be to prescribe Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs will help to relax his muscles and reduce his back pain.Promotion strategies important for this patient and WHYOne health promotion strategy would be to educate the patient. The education would aim at making the patient understand the anatomical strength of the human spine, pain perception, prognosis of low back pain that is favorable and decreasing the fear of pain(Dagenais Haldeman, 2012). In the end, the education will help the patient to better manage low back pain after fully understanding what it is. Another strategy would be to engage the patient in progressive endurance exercise and fitness activities. The health care provider should consider engaging this patient in moderate to high-intensity exercise since he only suffers from low back pain without generalized pain ((Wilson, Gormley Hussey, 2011).Complementary therapies that might... Low Back Pain Coursework - 550 Words Low Back Pain (Coursework Sample) Content: Low Back PainNameInstitution3 differential diagnosesDiagnoses include: lumbar spinal stenosis, herniated disc and lumbar facet joint syndrome.Specific exam techniques that should be used when examining this patient and the rationale behind some of these assessment technique and information suppliedOne exam technique is palpation. The rationale for palpation on the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s lower back is to check for warmth, paraspinal muscle spasm and bone pain that is localized. The second exam technique is inspection of the lower back. The rationale for this inspection is to detect deformities, scoliosis, decrease or increase in lumbar lordosis or atrophy of the muscles and paraspinal muscle spasm. The last exam technique is moving the lumbar spine. This is done to identify if the lumbar spineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s motion lies within normal ranges.Ordering of x-ray films or other imaging examsX-ray films should be ordered so as to get a good view of the anatomy of the lower ba ck."Red flags" of low back painSome of the "red flags" include: history of malignancy, age, unexplained weight loss, recent infection that is significant, recent illness that is serious and history of prolonged steroid use (Kahan, Miller Smith, 2009).Managing the patient with low back painOne way would be to limit the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s bed rest. 2 to 3 days of limited bed rest may be beneficial for relieving the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s symptoms. However, encourage the patient to remain active by engaging in less stressful exercises such as walking and jogging. Such exercises aim at retraining the back muscle and the deep abdominal muscle. Another way would be to prescribe Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs will help to relax his muscles and reduce his back pain.Promotion strategies important for this patient and WHYOne health promotion strategy would be to educate the patient. The education would aim at making the patient understand the anatomical strength of the human spine, pain perception, prognosis of low back pain that is favorable and decreasing the fear of pain(Dagenais Haldeman, 2012). In the end, the education will help the patient to better manage low back pain after fully understanding what it is. Another strategy would be to engage the patient in progressive endurance exercise and fitness activities. The health care provider should consider engaging this patient in moderate to high-intensity exercise since he only suffers from low back pain without generalized pain ((Wilson, Gormley Hussey, 2011).Complementary therapies that might...

The Effects of Alcohol on the Body Essay - 1555 Words

The Effects of Alcohol on the Body You are in college, you are at a party, and you are drunk. You, and the people around you, know you are drunk by your disorientated behavior but do they know what is causing you to act in this manner? Most likely not. Most people do not think about what the alcohol inside them is doing, the only thing they are worried about is the buzz that they get from it. Moderate drinking is alright but drinking excessively can wear out the body. Three important things to know about alcohol are how it enters and leaves the body, the effects of alcohol, and how the body responds to alcohol. After the drink is consumed, the alcohol enters the blood stream. After it enters the blood stream it dissolves in the†¦show more content†¦After the alcohol in the alveolar is exhaled, a breathalyzer can detect the blood alcohol content of the individual. Lastly, the liver takes care of whatever alcohol is left in the body. Alcohol in beverages is known as ethyl alcohol, more commonly known as ethanol. This ethanol is chemically broken down in the liver. The enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, strips electrons from the ethanol to form acetaldehyde. Another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase, with the help of oxygen, will convert the acetaldehyde into acetic acid. The acetic acid can be used for to form fatty acids or if further broken down into carbon dioxide and water. The rate at which alcohol affects the body is determined by three things: the concentration of the alcohol, the type of drink, and whether the stomach is full or empty. The higher the concentration the faster the body absorbs it in the blood. When drinking carbonated beverages it tends to speed up the rate for the body to absorb the alcohol. Lastly, the more food in the stomach, the more time it takes for the alcohol to get absorbed. First off, the body responds to alcohol in a series of stages which correspond to an increase in the blood alcohol content (BAC). Blood alcohol content is the amount of alcohol that can be found in the bloodstream. The first stage is euphoria, which has a BAC of .03 to .12 percent. In this stage the person loses their judgment, they mayShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Alcohol On The Body1486 Words   |  6 PagesBilly Creger Judge Guffee Juvenile Court 9 November 2015 Effects of Alcohol on the Body By the time this paper has been read approximately twenty-five people will be seriously injured in an alcohol-related accident. Alcohol can be very harmful in many ways if used incorrectly. The following is just a few of the many ways it can negatively affect one s health. In 1994 a survey was taken among one hundred and forty nationwide college campuses. 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Although there are many different short-term effects, the most common happens to be a hangover which is a â€Å"group of symptoms experienced by a person after a heavy consumption of alcohol† (Alcoholic 1). Symptoms of a hangover often consist of nausea, fatigue, thirst, headache, diarrhea, and sensitivity to light and noise. The severity of a hangover depends on several factors; these factors include the amount of alcohol consumed, the levelRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Alcohol on the Body1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Alcohol on the Body Alcohol is one of many dangerous substances that effects our bodies. The effects of this drug can be very harmful. Alcohol is a potent non-prescription drug sold to anyone over the national legal drinking age, 21. Unlike other deadly drugs it is easy to access. This makes it easy to over-consume and create a tragic accident, even death. It can damage a person not only physically but also mentally and emotionally. 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In A Father Who Keeps His Promises Written By Scott Hahn,

In A Father Who Keeps His Promises written by Scott Hahn, his thorough commentary and illustration of the Old Testament is examined. The Novel begins with the depiction of a severe earthquake in 1989 that killed tens of thousands, which offers us a peek at the perfection of our Heavenly Father. Hahn continuing, he begins to explain the meaning of a covenant, following with the significant differences that a contract and covenant have between them. After, there is an exploration by Hahn on the topic of fathers who are not in heaven. Then he states most likely the greatest point of his entire novel that is summarized into this quote. I want to help you catch a vision of a very different kind of father, the eternal who never fails to†¦show more content†¦The book is then further continued with the exploration of creation and desecration. When it comes to the creation of Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden a so-called set of guidelines were put in place for Adam and Eve to live by. A part of those rules were that could only eat from the tree of life and not from the tree of knowledge. Adam and Eve violated that which resulted in the breaking of the covenant and ate from the tree of knowledge because Satan tempted them. Although the couple had gone entirely against God’s words, God promised them a savior from Satan. However a curse was inflicted on Adam and Eve by God to show the love he had for them. In Hahn’s novel he explains why God would inflict the suffering that he imposed on Adam and Eve: Once the nature of Adam’s sin is understood to be his refusal to suffer out of love for his Father and bride, three conclusions logically follow. First, the divine curse of suffering imposed on Adam and Eve was perfectly reasonable. Second, their humble acceptance of that punitive suffering would be remedial. Third, Christ’s bearing of this curse, in his own sacrificial suffering on the cross, would prove to be redemptive. (73) Furthermore, the history of the covenants is gone into in more depth. He continues with the story of Cain giving into the deadly sin of envy on his way to kill his own brother. God declared that Noah is also a major covenant and thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Lenten Reflections From A Father Who Keeps His Promises1008 Words   |  5 PagesLenten Reflections from A Father Who Keeps His Promises Scott Hahn’s purpose for the Lenten Reflections from A Father Who Keeps His Promises is to share the biblical story of God’s covenant love in salvation history each day beginning with Ash Wednesday and ending with Divine Mercy Sunday. Hahn provides reflections for each day retelling the stories that make up the Story. Scripture testifies to how God has cared for his family throughout the ages, making a way for his children to live with himRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesprior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products areRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesFOREWORD ‘ Michael Bromwich is an exemplar of all that is good about the British tradition of academic accounting. Serious in intent, he has striven both to illuminate practice and to provide ways of improving it. Although always appealing to his economic understandings, he has been open to a wide variety of other ideas, recognizing their intellectual strengths and capabilities rather than making artificial distinctions between what is acceptable and what is not. He also has contributed widely

The Influence Of Web-Based Network Media - 1152 Words

improve your rear line with effective facebook advertising procedures its far extraordinary on the off chance that you distribute coupons on sundays. you should comprise of expenses on your posts. do you have to incorporate right certainties that people are occupied with? read the question under and get an awesome data of what facebook showcasing is about. in the event that youre the utilization of fb to commercial center, verify you are additionally posting there! no individual will visit a site page which not frequently ever has refreshed substance on it. try not to burden your fans, however make sure to post as a base once per weekday all together that people will consistently investigate returned just to perceive whats†¦show more content†¦facebooks appearance of their course of events organize is changing methods for parts business undertaking business people. course of events considers the posting of bigger pictures which can be significantly more liable to get peruser intrigue. effective advertisers are posting these vast photos, combined with a focused name to development. this may run the extent from downloading coupons to urging item clients to transfer their own previews of your item in real life. you could find a couple of issue the essential couple of long stretches of utilizing fb. ensure you transfer a hyperlink in your fb page in your site. this enables movement and customers to associate with the business endeavor and isnt as meddlesome as other promoting and advertising organization. while devotees like the undertaking through facebook, you could refresh them on what happens to your business without trouble. its miles of essential noteworthiness which you endeavor some outrageous endeavors to keep up your objective market educated for your fb page. this isnt generally to state which you need to present various examples with regards to day, however ordinary refreshing is fundamental. influence certain your updates to include extraordinary records your clients will love. you should post recordings regularly on fb. a video should be bounty less hard to knowShow MoreRelatedThe Growing Relevance And Role Of Web Based Technologies1547 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media Today The growing relevance and role of web-based technologies in supporting â€Å"firm operations† is widely acknowledged both by practitioners and academics (Hanafizadeh, Hanafizadeh, Khodabakhshi, 2010). 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Knowledge Is Power free essay sample

In all honesty, prior to reading Jake Helpern’s articles and meeting him in person, I thought he was some older white guy with a slightly boring style of writing as well as being even more boring in person, but somehow everyone else finds his work fascinating. But since I needed some extra credit points, I took on the challenge of the assignment. Glad to announce my notions of Jake Helpern were totally wrong. Reading Jake Helpern’s articles were like reading a well written novel. His stories had flare, suspense, character, drama and even a touch of sorrow and empathy. For the most part his articles were not just engaging but also very informative. Content versus Form, Content wins. In person, Jake appeared to be just one of the guys. Nothing fancy about himself, very humble and charismatic. After listening to Jake speak briefly about his life, family and his pursuit of his innate being, you can tell he’s sincere and dedicated to his craft and family. Realizing the importance of knowledge in business, massive investment has been dedicated to knowledge management, aiming to fully utilize the power of knowledge. From both academic field and practical business world, there is a general belief that the time of knowledge has come and knowledge is at the centre of business strategy making and operations (Davenport et al. , 1998). Many academic researchers and business practitioners have done a lot of work investigating how to utilize knowledge for business success. But few of them really considered to what extent Bacon’s claim hold true for individual and organisation respectively at first hand and whether there is any limitation. To fill up this gap, this paper is dedicated to critically evaluate Bacon’s claim, â€Å"knowledge is power†, in business context and the impacts of knowledge when it is employed as source of power. In order to achieve that purpose, this paper is developed in to following parts. In the first section, definition and nature of knowledge and power in business context will be given based on relevant literatures, before critically discussing the interrelationship between knowledge and power at two levels, individual and organisation, by using examples to illustrate what power and limitation knowledge brings. The second section will explore the impacts of adopting knowledge as power source by individual and organisation. Finally, conclusion and suggestion for the future will be provided in the third part. 2. Evaluation of relationship between knowledge and power. Basic conception of knowledge Before exploring the relationship between knowledge and power in business context, it is necessary to investigate the definitions of the two. At first, knowledge will be discussed in terms of definition, typology, generation process and dynamic nature based on relevant literatures. The conception of knowledge is quite an extensive and general one. Many attempts have been made to define knowledge but none of them has gained universal acceptance and the only thing the literatures have reached agreement on so far is that knowledge is a vague and confusing conception. Alvesson and Karreman (2001) argued that knowledge is an intangible and subjective. While McGrath (2000) emphasized the vagueness as one of natures of knowledge because knowledge takes on many different forms and can be reflected in a variety of ways and when knowledge covers everything, then it is almost as meaningless as nothing. Also, knowledge is hard to be quantified. Most of time we are not aware of what we really know until we are faced with a problem to be solved or a question to be answered and that is when we bring our knowledge out of our sub-conscious level (McDermott, 1999). Since the purpose of this paper is to critical evaluate the notion of â€Å"knowledge is power† and analyse the impacts of knowledge power in business context, not to develop a deep philosophy discussion, a business perspective definition given by two prominent scholars in knowledge management field, Nonaka and Nishiguchi (2001), is adopted and knowledge is defined as an intangible resource including expertise, innovative ideas and skills. In order to better understand the conception of knowledge, it is also vital to distinguish knowledge from other similar conceptions. As mentioned above, there are too many aspects can be covered by knowledge and it is not surprising to find conceptions like data, information and wisdom have been frequently used interchangeably across academic journals and business practice. But they are different conceptions. Davenport and Prusak (1998) defined data as simple description of reality, information as data with purpose behind and knowledge as the idea that formed in minds after gaining information. To better illustrate the relationship among these conceptions, Skyrme and Amidon (1997) proposed a diagram known as â€Å"the Pyramid of Knowledge† (see figure 1). This distinction made here has significant implication in practice. Modern technology makes it possible for business to have access to tons of information instantly, but it does not necessarily mean they can gain knowledge that way. As Davenport and Prusak (1998) defined, knowledge is different from information as it does not only include the contents of information but also embody perception and judgement of people. At the end of day, it depends on the person who has received the information to come up with any knowledge from it. Therefore, people factor plays a key part in forming knowledge. [pic] (adopted from: Skyrme Amidon, 1997) Within the conception of knowledge itself, there are also further category typologies. Starbuck (1992) divided knowledge into esoteric and common knowledge, depending on how precious the knowledge is. Starbuck’s view has emphasized on the power of knowledge from a competitive advantage perspective as it is the rare and esoteric knowledge that adds on the competitiveness. However, it has been criticized as the classification is not â€Å"neat† enough (Karreman, 2010). Now the dominant classification seems to be the theory proposed by Polanyi (1966) and further developed by many scholars (Duguid, 2005; McAdam et al. ,2007; Yang, 2009), where knowledge is composed of tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge refers to the knowledge that can be easily expressed and passed on while tacit knowledge represents the other side of the spectrum, which is more embodied in personal intuition and insights. In the business context, explicit knowledge exists in documents and database while tacit knowledge often resides within the minds of employees. Some scholars argued there is a third type of knowledge which is cultural knowledge (J. -C. , S 1996) that is shared within the members of organization. Actually, this kind of knowledge can be seen as part of explicit knowledge which resides in not just one individual member but all members. After all, organizational knowledge derives from individual knowledge (Alvesson Karreman, 2001). However, it is worth noticing that even though knowledge is divided into tacit and explicit types, they are integrated, interdependent and possible to be transformed into each other to some certain degree, in the process of knowledge generation. Again, the theory of knowledge generation proposed by Nonaka and Nishiguchi (2001) will be adopted here as their theory is based in organisation context and has been widely accepted by literatures. They identified two dimensions in the process of knowledge generation, epistemological and ontological (Nonaka and Nishiguchi, 2001). Tacit and explicit sit at the two ends on epistemological dimension while on ontological dimension, knowledge ranges from individual level to organisational level. The process of knowledge creation (as shown in figure 2) is a spiral composed of four types of conversion where one type of knowledge could be transformed into another in the process. The first mode is socialization, where tacit knowledge is passed on from individual to another individual. This conversion usually takes place at micro level, such as informal chatting between working staff or between salesman and customer. Externalization refers to the process where tacit knowledge is made explicit. A scholar summarises his or her knowledge and article that knowledge by putting it into words and publishing books is a typical example of externalization. Combination refers to the process of transferring explicit knowledge across the organisation. This is usually where the technology comes into play as information technology can make the dissemination of knowledge much more convenient and accessible. Internalisation mirrors externalization as it goes the other way around. It is a process where individuals learn from explicit knowledge and extract useful information and combine it with his or her interpretation and form new tacit knowledge applicable to reality. New employees learning business operations during their introduction or from database would be a case in point. It should be noted that the entire process of knowledge generation a spiral one, because the understanding gets deeper with every conversion. This has significant meaning as it recognises the dynamic nature of knowledge. A common mistake is to presume that whatever is written down on a text book is knowledge and holds true forever. For example, there are nine planets in solar system used to be deemed as common sense, however now it become wrong according to latest finding. Therefore, not only knowledge is being used to change and improve the ways of doing things, but also knowledge itself is changing. Figure 2: knowledge generation spiral [pic] (source: Nonaka and Nishiguchi, 2001) To summarise, despite numerous attempts have been made to clarify the conception, knowledge remains to be a problematic, vague and dynamic entity, implying the complexity and difficulties of analysing â€Å"knowledge is power†. 2. Knowledge and power at organizational level Similar to the situation of knowledge, power is also a subjective matter that covers a quite wide and vague range. After integrating many literature views on power, Hunt and Nevin (1974) define power as the ability of one individual or group to control or influence the behaviour of another†. This definition suggested that the execution or practice of power is reflected in the form of â€Å"influence over others† and the actor or practitioner of power is either â€Å"group† or â€Å"individual†. Therefore, it is reasonable that in the following paper, the relationship between power and knowledge will be discussed at two levels, organisational level and individual level, accordingly. Before we critically analyse â€Å"knowledge is power†, it is worth noticing that knowledge alone does not bring power. Only when the knowledge is expressed and certain actions have been carried out into the reality might it bring power. So the accurate way to put it is â€Å"the expression of knowledge is power†. The reason why Bacon’s claim became popular anyway is that when we read the sentence, it has been automatically corrected by ourselves and perceived as â€Å"the expression of knowledge is power† in our minds without being noticed. But in order to be a rigorous analysis, it is worth making this distinction at first. Although the definition given by Hunt and Nevin (1974) was developed from a social perspective, it can be extended to business organisation in the form of â€Å"bargaining power†. Because a company with bargaining power means it has more influence over the result of negotiation with suppliers and buyers (Porter, 1996) and the effects of bargaining power fits the definition of power proposed by Hunt and Nevin. Usually, bargaining power comes from competitive advantage as products or service of a company with competitive advantages will be more attractive to customers and competitors would find more challenging to compete with this company. Porter (1996) argued that competitive advantage can be achieved through either added value from innovation or lower cost from improved efficiency. This is where knowledge comes into play. For organisation, knowledge is being used in every daily operation of business, ranging from product or service design to communication among the staff as well as with consumers in order to improve efficiency or promote innovation (Alvesson Karreman, 2011). Yet, no matter which way knowledge benefit the company, the ultimate result is enhanced competitiveness. This is how knowledge becomes power for organisation. A typical example of this would be the story of Toilet Wand, a new product design that became a success in the market because of knowledge utilization. Clorox is an experienced toilet product producer. With the knowledge of traditional function of a normal toilet brush and innovative ideas, Clorox designed a new tool that can not only have the features of a normal toilet brush, but also make the removal of dirty part cleaner and easier. The innovative design of this product resulted in a competitive advantage for the company and innovation comes from tacit knowledge. In business context, tacit knowledge seems more important than explicit knowledge as tacit knowledge is difficult to be copied by competitors and therefore compromising a sustainable competitive advantage according to Barney’s (1991) resource based view. Even though the RD staff from other companies may have received same amount of explicit knowledge from school, but it is the tacit knowledge of the RD staff from Clorox that give birth to that innovative design and this tacit knowledge resides in the heard of the RD staff at Clorox particularly. Therefore, knowledge, especially tacit knowledge, can bring company power. But it should be noted that knowledge is not the only source of power for organisation. Barney (1991) argued that resources with features of being rare, valuable, inimitable and non-substitute can be regarded as competitive advantages possessed by the organisation. Besides knowledge, there are many factors that meet those valuable resource standards, such as financial capability, reputation and network with local government or supplier. Sometimes knowledge itself is insufficient to bring power. For example, many SMEs got brilliant business ideas but not all of them can become powerful competitors in the industry due to insufficient fund (Berger Schaeck, 2011). So knowledge can be power for organisation but it should not be deemed as the only source. There are also situations when knowledge fails to delivery power at organisational level. Sometimes it can even damage the bargaining power of a company. Alvesson and Karreman (2011) argued that knowledge sometimes could result in problems through enforcing guidance or norms onto situations in reality. Some scholars pointed out that current knowledge could be the biggest barrier for innovation and exploring new opportunity (Davenport et al. , 1998). For example, once a business practice achieved success, the company will try to document that as a success case study and spread the knowledge extracted from the case across the company. Problem occurs when another department try to implement that case study into a totally different environment but only got stuck. Useful knowledge is valid to some specific situation. When the situation is different, applying the same knowledge could be inappropriate and doomed to fail. Besides the differences among situations, knowledge itself is updating and changing as well due to the dynamic nature of knowledge as discussed above. Therefore, â€Å"knowledge is power† holds true at organisational level only when the knowledge is the â€Å"right† knowledge and applied to a suitable situation. But this is far from the end of story. The question of â€Å"what right knowledge is on earth† just makes this issue more complicated. As what has been discussed in previous section, what kind of knowledge drawn from information is up to people who receive it and people can be bias, subjective and emotional. Our judgement can be influenced by our experience and character (Teuscher, 2009). Exposed to same information, people may still come up different even contradictory knowledge. For example, in my research on knowledge and power, one view is that company should appoint a knowledge-officer to implement knowledge management scheme (Ear Scott, 1999) while other debates that a specific appointment of knowledge officer is not necessary to establish knowledge management and it causes extra cost (Wong Aspinwall, 2005). Both of arguments are correct to some degree. The author of first view has a lot of experience in large organisations while the author of second view comes from SME background and their arguments are correct to their situations respectively. Besides the people factor, the source of information could be another issue for reaching the â€Å"right† knowledge. It is true that there is tons of information available for modern business thanks to internet. But there is false information as well, which could lead to wrong knowledge. Separating the true information from the false one may require software support and even more knowledge, thus starting a new cycle on its own. Having the right knowledge is still not enough to guarantee it can be turned into power as there is also issue of way of expressing that right knowledge. As mentioned in the beginning, for knowledge to take any effect it needs to be applied into reality at first place and different ways of expressing the same knowledge could lead to different effects (Quinlan, 1987). For instance, mentor and training scheme is often introduced by the company in order to improve the capability of its staff and achieve competitive advantage. This intention of training illustrate that the company has a sound recognition of training and human resource management, which is the right knowledge. However, the training scheme may suffer a low response from employees if not introduced correctly. When being offered a training session, employees could perceive this offer as an indication that they are not capable of doing their job and therefore they need extra training. The perception leads to a negative attitude at the first impression. To avoid this, the company could stress the purpose of training is to equip them with more transferable skills so that they can be competent to take on more challenging work. In this way, the knowledge delivered through training remains same but it would be more likely to be accepted by employees as the way of expressing the idea sounds more constructive and positive. Therefore, to conclude, for knowledge to become power for organisation, it requires the right people drawing right knowledge from right source of information and applying it to right situation, in a right way. It is difficult and complicated to achieve each of those preconditions. 3. Knowledge and power at individual level At individual level, it is more natural to define the conception of power as a social conception because the major concern of individual is much more closely associated with interrelationships with other individuals or groups rather than the competitive advantage of the entire organisation (Gioia Sims, 1983). Based on the nature of strength, range and interrelation between different parties, French and Raven introduced a framework of five forms of power in 1959, including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power and expert power. Their theory has been supported by many empirical studies and regarded as most popular framework in this field by current literature (Hinkin Schriesheim, 1989; Elangovan Xie, 1999). Therefore, French and Raven’s (1959) five forms of power framework will be applied to analyse the relationship of knowledge and power at individual level. Reward power refers to the ability to reward and a typical example of this would be piece-work rate based employment where payment is contingent on the number of products finished by the employee (French Raven, 1959). Coercive power means the ability to punish for non-conformity performance (ibid). An extreme example of this is when people could get fired by the company for their poor performance. Legitimate power is authorised by widely accepted values or authority. Referent power draws fellowship from others because of attractive personal characteristic. Expert power is the power gained via possessing knowledge or information that others do not possess. Legal advice from lawyer is an easy example to exert expert influence. It should be noted that this classification of power forms is subjective perception, as French and Raven admitted. They suggest that it is up to the perception of the particular party in that particular situation whereas confusion in terms of these forms occurs. Knowledge can be directly linked to most of these forms of power, especially expert power, as it has been specified in the definition. French and Raven (1959) warned that abuse of reward and coercive power could lead to the loss of power. Therefore, having the right knowledge of usage of those powers would definitely help maintain and strengthen that power. According to the definition, referent power requires impression management and interpersonal skills so having right knowledge on psychology would help the execution of that power. However having right knowledge cannot guarantee referent power can be successfully carried out at individual level either. Characteristic is rooted within ourselves as part of our identity, which cannot be learnt no matter how much knowledge we have. Although whether leaders are born or made is still a heated discussion going on in the literature world (Henrikson, 2006). At least the real world could prove how far knowledge can lead to referent power because successful leaders may not have as much interpersonal skills and psychology knowledge as psychologist and socialist ut that does not change the fact that they can attract people to follow them and that not all knowledgeable socialist and psychologist necessarily make successful leaders. Besides, knowledge can also be indirectly associated with legitimate power. For instance, having the right knowledge may lead to strength in other forms of power, which may in turn make the person draw the attention of authority and be appointed to a higher position with legitimate power. In this case, knowledge does not lead to legitimate power directly but has an influence on the result of gaining that legitimate power. This is the impact of knowledge, which will be discussed further in detail in the following section. Similar to the analysis at organisational level, the precondition of â€Å"right knowledge† and â€Å"right situation† also applies at individual level for â€Å"knowledge is power† to be true. For example, a good understanding of successful western style leadership may no longer be useful in eastern world as what is perceived as successful does not necessarily mean power at individual level. In addition, different knowledge would unleash corresponding power. A training consultant hired by a company has expert knowledge in terms of training, but this does not mean this consultant more powerful than the boss of the company because expert knowledge brings expert power, not legitimate power, at least not directly. It is worth mentioning that sometimes the power of knowledge at individual level and organisational level can be positively related. Using the example before, having brilliant employees at DR department means the company can utilize their knowledge as valuable resource which would strengthen the competitive advantage of the company through innovation. At the same time, the individuals at DR department are using their knowledge to execute their expert power. Nevertheless, the execution of knowledge power may cause conflict from the two parties sometimes. When company tries to encourage their employee to share their knowledge with new comers to improve workforce capacity, it also threats the expert power of individual as expert knowledge is built upon its rareness. This conflict leads us to the next topic, the impact of knowledge when it is adopted as source of power. 3. Impact of knowledge when it is adopted as power source 3. 1 Impact of knowledge power at organisational level Previous discussion has shown that knowledge holds great power only when the right knowledge is used in the right way. Therefore, at organisational level, taking advantage of knowledge’s power calls for a framework that allows companies to fully utilize their knowledge resource. In the business world, the most common framework chased by organisation managers is known as knowledge management. Literature has provided a range of definitions of knowledge management. According to Ruggles (1998, p80), knowledge management is â€Å"a term which has now come to be used to describe any-thing from organizational learning to database management tools†. While Mundra et al. (2011) defined it as a series of practices that enables knowledge to be created, passed on and spread over the entire company. McInerney and LeFevre (2000) argued that knowledge management is a technology platform through which the external and internal information of organisation could be mixed and transformed into â€Å"actionable knowledge†. Some regard it equal to information management (Brown and Duguid, 1998, p. 103), while others recognise it as a community building process (vonKrogh, 1998). Summarising the features shared among those definitions, this paper defines knowledge management as â€Å"a process of linking right knowledge to right people and passing knowledge from people to people to improve work efficiency†. The two major aspects of knowledge management, linking knowledge to people and sharing knowledge among people, will be analysed respectively in terms of its impacts in the following paragraphs. In order to link the right knowledge to people when they need it, knowledge management usually involves of establishing a database of knowledge to facilitate this internalisation process. Employees can have easy access to the database. To elaborate the positive impact of using database as knowledge management practice, the successful use of K-Commerce support by Interpolis, a Dutch insurance business, will be used here. As one of leading insurance businesses in Holland, Interpolis offers a wide range of insurance products for millions of customers and used to spend a considerable time and investment into their staff training in the call centre (Mundra, Gulati Vashisth, 2011). Still, call agents there struggled in dealing with some tough questions from clients (ibid). Later on, Interpolis introduced K-Commerce as part of its knowledge management scheme, aiming to enable its staff to have instant access to a knowledge base where they can easily find correct answers to most kinds of questions (ibid). With the support of K-Commerce as an expert 24/7 available, its call centre agents now can provide satisfying and consistent service in advising their customers. As a result, the cost of setting up such database was lower than training cost but achieved better effect and the feedback from customers was improved. Therefore, this case study illustrated what positive impacts are achieved through this knowledge management practice. Knowledge management also encourage knowledge sharing among people so the right knowledge can be passed on and disseminated across the company. Valuable knowledge is usually tacit knowledge within the head of knower and once the employee leaves the company, the valuable knowledge resource is gone as well. Building up a knowledge-sharing community to facilitate knowledge socialization can not only avoid the loss of valuable knowledge resource, but also leads to other positive impacts such as improved performance, better motivation, loyalty and lower turnover rate. (Haas Hansen, 2007). In the practise of knowledge management, one of the most successful models would be the World Bank (Leavitt, 2003). To support its fight against world poverty, World Bank initialled a Knowledge Sharing Program in 1996, which includes practices like establishment of an online knowledge sharing database and making â€Å"story telling† videos to externalize tacit knowledge (ibid). Feedback from internal and external sources have shown significant improvements in responding speed, quality of service, innovation and staff commitment (ibid). This case study has illustrated what the positive impacts are when employing knowledge as source of power via knowledge management programme. 3. 2 Impact of knowledge power at organisational level Despite these positive impacts for organisation, practice like knowledge sharing programme could have negative impacts for individual. Studies found that employees with valued knowledge worry that once their knowledge is shared, they would lose their expert power and lose their value in the company and finally, their jobs (Javernick-Will, 2012). Therefore they may show resistance towards knowledge-sharing scheme to protect their expert powers, which could lead to negative impact on the organisation since the positive effects cannot be achieved without cooperation from individual employee. However, despite this negative impact of knowledge sharing upon individual in short term, there are also positive impacts as well in the long term. Firstly, people can get a feeling of fulfilment by helping others. When they share their knowledge with others, they know they are needed and valued. Actually, some people enjoy this feeling so much that this altruistic behaviour is more likely to be an egoistic activity for them (Calder and Staw 1975). In this case, some certain people actually can enjoy the positive impact from knowledge sharing much more than others. Secondly, individual could benefit from organisation’s success. Many companies have established a rewarding system where part of bonus is associated with overall performance of the company (Javernick-Will, 2012). So when the entire business is developing well due to competitive advantage gained by knowledge sharing, more promotion opportunities and pay raise are more likely to take place. Finally, in this indirect way, individuals will benefit as well. Lastly, as in the case of the World Bank, enforcing a knowledge sharing scheme would help establish a knowledge sharing culture and friendly working environment. Studies suggested that with a knowledge sharing culture in place, social needs would make people feel obliged to join this cause and trust the team would give return the favour somewhere in the future (Alvesson and Karreman, 2001;Javernick-Will, 2012). In summary, when knowledge is adopted as the source of power, the impacts are mixed results. Whether it is positive or negative depends on which perspective is used, long term or short term, individual or organisation. When designing knowledge management scheme, managers are suggested to be aware of these impacts for organisation and individual respectively, especially when they conflict with each other, as failing to deal with one them would ultimately lead to negative impact on the other one. 4. Conclusion There is no simple answer to whether Bacon’s claim, â€Å"knowledge is power†, is right or wrong in business context. Firstly, because the conception of knowledge and power themselves are problematic and vague. After summarising a range of views from literature, business-context definitions were given and the discussion of the relationship between knowledge and power was developed at two levels, organisation and individual, in this paper. Through analysis of current arguments and empirical study cases, it has been found that for â€Å"knowledge is power† to be true at organisational level, the knowledge needs to be expressed at the first hand. Then, there are several certain preconditions required to be in place, including â€Å"right knowledge†, â€Å"right people†, â€Å"right situation to apply† and â€Å"right way to express the knowledge†. Similar rules apply at individual level as well. Meanwhile, it should be noted that having those preconditions ready still can not guarantee the realization of knowledge power. The paper also found the link between the executions of knowledge power from these two levels can not only be positively interrelated, but also conflict with each other sometimes, which means the impacts of knowledge when it is adopted as source of power are mixed and complex. At last, it is suggested that business practitioners should be aware of impacts of both individual and organisation, in long-term or short-term.

International Financial Management Foreign Exchange Exposure

Question: Discuss about the International Financial Managementfor Foreign Exchange Exposure. Answer: Major Dimensions that Distinguish International Finance from Domestic Finance One of the primary differences between international finance and domestic finance is foreign exchange exposure that affects all the business areas at international level. Exposure to foreign exchange provides impact on purchase of materials from the suppliers, sales to consumers, investment activities and sources for raising funds. Foreign exchange exposure indicates the risk involved in international business with respect to the foreign exchange rates, which changes recurrently (Manova, 2013). In the present case, the company earned more than $12 billion sales annually most of which is earned outside United States. Considering the foreign exchange exposure, it can be said that the sales earned from other country would decline if the foreign exchange rate of other country increases. Another dimension that distinguishes international finance and domestic finance is business environment at macro levelas international finance is exposed to the political environment. International finance associates with different trade policies of different countries unlike in case of domestic finance that associates with the trade policy of home country only. In the given situation, Nike has no production facilities in United States that means the company has to import the products to U.S. involving higher cost and compliance of several trade policies. International finance and domestic finance also differs with respect to the tax and legal regulations that affects the companys profitability and product costs resulting in the sustainability of domestic company in the foreign country (Chaney, 2014). As the Nike Company, hired workers at low wage rate due to poor and unhealthy work environment, legal regulation with respect to labor laws affect the protection of labor rights in the respective countries. Analysis of Nikes Action to Support International Financial management goal of Shareholder Wealth maximization The primary objective of international financial management includes wealth maximization for shareholders that indicates maximization of present value of future cash flows as return from investment. Apart from the profit maximization goal of the respective companies, maximization of shareholders value is considered to be equally important for which the organizations undertake several steps. Shareholders wealth maximization takes place by foreign investment, raising funds at lower costs and increasing the employment rate that boosts the companys share price and economic value (Bernstein, Lerner Schoar, 2013). Accordingly, in the present case, Nike constructed the production facilities in the Asian countries to improve the employment rate together with the protection of labor rights. Nike also incorporated the activities to develop the economies and improve the living standards of the citizens that helped in enhancement of overall economy of the host countries. The activities of the organization involved the actions to monitor the work practices and factories in other countries as well as conducted periodic inspection by unrelated parties, which eventually improved the standards of labor (Niepmann Schmidt-Eisenlohr, 2014). These actions undertaken by Nike can be considered as actions to improve the organizational value and sustainability together with the benefits to the customers and other stakeholders. As a result, the stock price of the company will rise and can be considered as support to the international financial management goal for shareholders wealth maximization. Analysis of International Trade as more Risky from the Exporters Perspective International trade risks are the barrier that affects the growth of international trade that involves economy threats and restrictions especially from the perspective of exporters. It has been noted that the international trade involves high cost structure due to charges on tariffs, delay cost, cost due to difference in legal system, custom duties and other transfer costs. Further, international trade incorporates lack in mobility in production factor that is labor or capital and includes restrictions in exchange of products and services across the border. The international trade associates with several economic risks that incorporate concession risk in the economic control factor relating to the difference in political or legal differences (Mancini, Ranaldo Wrampelmeyer, 2013). Risk in international trade from the exporters perception includes insolvency risk of the importer or non- acceptance risk by the importer due to which exporter may incur loss or low revenue that declines the profitability. In certain cases, exporters face risk on receipt of payment for the transfer of goods and services across the border together with the risk of fluctuation in foreign exchange risk that declines the value of money to be received against the export order. Other risks that are involved in international trade for the exporter like political risk of the importing country, commercial risk or regulations specifying lack of foreign currency affect the profitability and sustainability of the export traders (Chaney, 2016). Reference List Bernstein, S., Lerner, J., Schoar, A. (2013). The investment strategies of sovereign wealth funds.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,27(2), 219-238. Chaney, T. (2014). The network structure of international trade.The American Economic Review,104(11), 3600-3634. Chaney, T. (2016). Liquidity constrained exporters.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,72, 141-154. Mancini, L., Ranaldo, A., Wrampelmeyer, J. (2013). Liquidity in the foreign exchange market: Measurement, commonality, and risk premiums.The Journal of Finance,68(5), 1805-1841. Manova, K. (2013). Credit constraints, heterogeneous firms, and international trade.The Review of Economic Studies,80(2), 711-744. Niepmann, F., Schmidt-Eisenlohr, T. (2014). International trade, risk and the role of banks.

The Influence of Media Essay Example For Students

The Influence of Media Essay THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIAOf course is true. Im watching it on TV. The previous Statement, a comment made by Conrad Brean during the movie Wag the Dog, demonstrates the role of media in human lives. It shows the great importance of television, radio and other means of communication in the decisions that are taken by people. It is possible to notice how big the influence is, and how much does it get to affect the concept or the idea that a person has about something in particular. This situation takes place because the media has gained a great amount of credibility. In this some way, George Orwell talks about the public opinion in his novel Animal Farm, creating a negative response in the reader. He or she is able to notice how, in the novel (as it generally occurs in real life) what is believed by most is what others are psychologically and indirectly forced to believe. We will write a custom essay on The Influence of Media specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the movie, very few people actually investigated or even questioned the information that was said in the news about the war against Albania. An extremely low percentage of the population doubted about if the war existed or not. They had no real reason to mistrust the most precise and accurate manner of transmitting information. This also occurred several times in the novel. A clear example was Lohen Boxer didnt believe things at first, but after been specified that Napoleon had said it, he was absolutely sure about it. The simple source clarified his doubts. In the novel, in many cases, the animals that were not initially satisfied with what their publicity sources stated, actually got to accept the facts as their own truths. In other words, even the few ones that didnt rely on the information, sooner or later ended accepting it, been influenced by the public opinion. Probably they were intimidated by what some animals thought, and considered that if everyone else believed it, then it must have been true. In conclusion, media is powerful and trusted enough to say many things without people even thinking if theyre right or not. They have enough credibility to fool the people easily and, anyway, those that are smart and really chew before swallowing are sooner or later convinced by the rest, by the majority, and end up in their same situation.

Gangster films as a genre essays

Gangster films as a genre essays For this exercise, I have opted to take an in depth look at a particular genre, this genre being gangster films. In order to see how a film from this genre fits into the category of gangster I have also opted to study a film called The Untouchables. By doing this I will be able to look at characteristics that have put this film in the gangster genre and characteristics that do not belong so much to the said genre. Firstly, when we think of gangster films we think of hard-hitting crime dramas. This is most often true, but as with all genres, there are always anomalies. For example, the film Bugsy Malone, has all the stereotypical features of a gangster film but is in fact a comedic musical. The same goes for the film I have chosen to study. Although it is considered a gangster film it also falls under the sub-genre of Action. We also tend to think of gangster films in a certain era, this usually being the 1920s 1950s. This tends to be true, as this was the pinnacle of the gangster period and organised crime in general. There then seemed to be a hiatus in criminal activity between the 1950s and late 1970s, when a new wave of law-breaking began in the casinos of Los Angeles and Miami, another stereotypical setting for the gangster movement. There has yet to be made, a gangster film that is set outside of the twentieth century. There is also a trend that is vital to the setting of gangster films. Most, if not all gangster films happen in the hustle and bustle of the city or at least suburbia. There is a reason for this. Gangster films are extremely family orientated. The mob or mafia, is actually considered a family by the people who belong to it. The mafia, for example has a godfather that acts as the leader, who receives unconditional respect. Family is often pivotal to the gangster storyline. If a gangster wanted to wreak vindication (if that is possi...

The History Iran Sanctions - 1979 Through 2017

The History Iran Sanctions - 1979 Through 2017 Although the United States imposed sanctions against Iran for decades, none levered the country into compliance with international rules regarding terrorism or nuclear energy. By early 2012, however, evidence appeared to be mounting that sanctions by both the U.S. and its global allies were hurting Iran. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action went into effect in 2015, easing tensions and sanctions considerably. Most of the sanctions cut into Irans oil exports, which account for 85 percent of the countrys export revenue. Irans repeated threats to close the Strait of Hormuz, a vital oil conduit, to international use indicated at one point that Iran was kicking at global oil usage to relieve pressure on its own oil industry. The Carter Years Islamic radicals captured 52 Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held them hostage for 444 days beginning in November 1979. U.S. President Jimmy Carter tried unsuccessfully to free them, including authorizing a military rescue attempt. Iranians did not free the hostages until just after Ronald Reagan replaced Carter as president on January 20, 1981. The United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran in 1980 in the midst of that crisis. The U.S. also levied its first round of sanctions against Iran during this time. Carter banned imports of Iranian oil, froze some $12 billion in Iranian assets in the U.S. and later banned all U.S. trade with and travel to Iran in 1980. The U.S. lifted the embargoes after Iran released the hostages. Sanctions Under Reagan The Reagan Administration declared Iran a state sponsor of terrorism in 1983. As such, the U.S. opposed international loans to Iran. When Iran began threatening traffic through the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz in 1987, Reagan authorized naval escorts for civilian ships and signed a new embargo against Iranian imports. The United States also banned the sale of dual-use items to Iran – civilian goods with the possibility of military adaptation. The Clinton Years President Bill Clinton expanded U.S. sanctions against Iran in 1995. Iran was still labeled a state sponsor of terrorism and President Clinton took this action amid widespread fear it was pursuing weapons of mass destruction. He prohibited all American involvement with the Iranian petroleum industry. He banned all American investment in Iran in 1997, as well as what little U.S. trade remained with the country. Clinton also encouraged other countries to do the same. Sanctions Under George W. Bush The United States repeatedly froze the assets of people, groups or businesses identified as helping Iran sponsor terrorism under President George W. Bush, as well as those perceived as supporting Irans efforts to destabilize Iraq. The U.S. also froze the assets of foreign entities believed to be helping Iran in those areas. The United States  also banned so-called U-turn financial transfers involving Iran. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, a U-turn transfer involves Iran but originates and ends with non-Iranian foreign banks. Obamas Sanctions of Iran President Barack Obama has been strident with Iranian sanctions. He banned some imports of Iranian foodstuffs and carpets in 2010, and Congress also allowed him to tighten Iranian sanctions with the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA). Obama could encourage non-U.S. petroleum firms to halt the sale of gasoline to Iran, which has poor refineries. It imports nearly one-third of its gasoline. The CISADA also prohibited foreign entities from using American banks if they do business with Iran. The Obama Administration sanctioned Venezuelas nationalized oil company for trading with Iran in May 2011. Venezuela and Iran are close allies. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad traveled to Venezuela in early January 2012 to meet with President Hugo Chavez, in part  about the sanctions. In June 2011, the Treasury Department announced new sanctions against Irans Revolutionary Guard (already named in other sanctions), the Basij Resistance Force, and Iranian law enforcement entities. Obama ended 2011 by signing a defense funding bill that would allow the U.S. to cease dealing with financial institutions that do business with Irans central bank. The bills sanctions took effect between February and June 2012. Obama was given the power to waive aspects of the bill if implementation would hurt the U.S. economy. It was feared that limiting access to Iranian oil would drive up gasoline prices. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Six world powers joined together in 2013 to negotiate with Iran, offering relief from some sanctions if Iran would cease its nuclear efforts. Russia, Britain, Germany, France, and China joined the U.S. in this effort, which finally resulted in an agreement in 2015. Then came the prisoner swap in 2016, with the U.S. exchanging seven imprisoned Iranians in exchange for Iran releasing five Americans it was holding. The U.S. lifted its sanctions against Iran under President Obama in 2016.   President Donald J. Trump President Trump announced in April 2017 that his administration intends to review the countrys history of sanctions against Iran. Although many feared this would potentially eradicate the terms of the 2015 deal due to Irans continued support of terrorism, the review was, in fact, provided for and mandatory under the terms of the 2015 pact.

Audience Analysis Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Audience Analysis Memo - Assignment Example Offering these descriptions have considerable influence on the completion of the presented project since these descriptions provide the focus points. The primary audiences are decision makers of the senior level who include CEOs and other executives involved in global business. The secondary audiences are the middle management that usually facilitates communication between the senior management and workers without management roles (Adebi, 2008). Other audiences may comprise of business players in the industry and regular workers. The audiences have profound educational backgrounds and their job responsibilities may include change management, eradicating barriers and creating an organizational culture (Adebi, 2008). The age ranges between 25-65 years with the gender being well distributed throughout the company’s positions. The audience possesses diversified ethnic background with most being from China, which serves as the host country. The religious beliefs ought to be considered due to the diversity of the employees (Didier, 2002). The audiences have little knowledge concerning the topic and, therefore, require deep training regarding the matter. The audiences have considerable interest regarding the topic and offer positive attitudes towards the topic. The audiences require cross-cultural knowledge, since they have to cope with individuals possessing diverse cultures in China. Therefore, the audiences expect to acquire knowledge concerning cultural diversity, and ways to avert bias at the

Follow That Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Follow That Dream - Essay Example The article â€Å"Free to innovate† by Christine Canabou illustrates how one company, the Fallon, experienced substantial changes in its life after being purchased by the global advertising giant Publicis Group SA. Notwithstanding its chairman fears for the employees to be left their â€Å"home† because it was sold out, the company made all possible to prove that its soul was not going to change. And the company showed that by creating a manifesto that called for breakthrough ideas, such as â€Å"to unlock the entrepreneurial hostages within the agency†. New ideas were transformed into a full-blown company initiative- a â€Å"Dream Catchers† that gave employees license to be a little selfish and make their dreams come true sooner. One year after the initiative was launched, hundred staffers achieved their dreams (visited museums, ran with bulls etc.). The acquisition was as a strategic move the target of which was to help to achieve ambitious goals that th e company could not probably achieve on its own. Today Fallon  is a full-service advertising agency with the headquarter in Minneapolis with numerous awards and open marketing boundaries, intranet  with the same companys quirky humor, full-fledged division of interactive consulting group and redesigned  flagship office that brought a new way of working and grouping people. The article shows the overall positive picture of the acquisition and does not show any pitfalls that usually happen within the organization. The acquisition is about a change and it is obvious that the Fallon agency had certain changes in the top team. New arrivals and changes in the administrative efficiencies could not stay unnoticed by the staffers. While top teams work closely on key areas in order to improve them, the other areas may be left inactive. While acquisition offers the possibility for entering new markets and expand the company with its portfolio, some cultural issues may cause problems